Other models
Aiming to explain why aptitude tests, school grades, and classroom performance often fail to identify real ability, Robert J. Sternberg listed various cognitive dimensions in his book Thinking Styles (1997). Several other models are also often used when researching learning styles. This includes the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the DISC assessment.
One of the most common and widely-used [17] categorizations of the various types of learning styles is Fleming's VARK model which expanded upon earlier Neuro-linguistic programming (VAK) models[18]:
visual learners;
auditory learners;
reading/writing-preference learners;
kinesthetic learners or tactile learners[1].
Fleming claimed that visual learners have a preference for seeing (think in pictures; visual aids such as overhead slides, diagrams, handouts, etc.).
Auditory learners best learn through listening (lectures, discussions, tapes, etc.)
Tactile/kinesthetic learners prefer to learn via experience—moving, touching, and doing (active exploration of the world; science projects; experiments, etc.).
Its use in pedagogy allows teachers to prepare classes that address each of these areas.
Students can also use the model to identify their learning style and maximize their educational experience by focusing on what benefits them the most.
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